Fast Track:
The whole point of charging is to get juice to the battery. The path actually goes to the front of the car, to the "contactor box". Note that there are two wires from the charger to the front, a red + and a black -. These wires go to the contactor in the "contactor box" in front.
The connection in the front lead back to the batteries to recharge them. We'll examine the contactor box after looking at the battery boxes.
The Details:
A Tesla S battery is made up of 444 small batteries that look like common AA batteries. In truth these batteries are a bit larger and are lithium-ion and with vastly storage capability.
The 444 batteries make a pack described as "74p6s." This translates to six 74 batteries groups wired in parallel, and then the six groups are wired in series.
The charger shown here has two orange plugs and one black. The black is to the controller; the lower orange is receiving juice from the J1772 blub; and the upper orange has a black and red wire which are the negative and positive DC lead headed for the battery.
Next we look into the battery boxes.